Serial Communication With 8051 Microcontroller

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 Serial Communication With 8051 Microcontroller

Parallel communication is fast but it is not applicable for long distances (for printers). Moreover it is also expensive. Serial is not much fast as parallel communication but it can deal with transmission of data over longer distances (for telephone line, ADC, DAC). It is also cheaper and requires less physical wires, that’s why we use serial communication. This article also deals with how to serially communicate in 8051 microcontroller.


METHODS OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION

Mainely two methos of Serial Communication:
SYNCHRONOUS: Transfer the block of data (characters) between sender and receiver spaced by fixed time interval.  This transmission is synchronized by an external clock.
ASYNCHRONOUS:  There is no clock involved here and transmission is synchronized by special signals along the transmission medium. It transfers a single byte at a time between sender and receiver along with inserting a start bit before each data character and a stop bit at its termination so that to inform the receiver where the data begins and ends. An example is the interface between a keyboard and a computer. Keyboard is the transmitter and the computer is the receiver. We use USART and UART for serial communications. USART or UART is a microcontroller peripheral which converts incoming and outgoing bytes of data into a serial bit stream. Both have same work but with different methods which is explained below.
USART:
USART stands for Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter. USART uses external clock so it needs separate line to carry the clock signal. Sending peripheral generates a clock and the receiving peripheral recover from the data stream without knowing the baud rate ahead of time. By use of external clock, USART’s data rate can be much higher (up to rates of 4 Mbps) than that of a standard UART.
UART:                               
It stands for Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter. A UART generates its internal data clock to the microcontroller. It synchronizes that clock with the data stream by using the start bit transition. The receiver needs the baud rate to know ahead of time to properly receive the data stream.

8051 SERIAL COMMUNICATION

8051 microcontroller has a built-in serial port called UART. We can easily read and write values to the serial port.  For using serial port we simply need to configure the serial port:
§  Operation mode (how many data bits we want)
§  Baud rate
There are 21 Special function registers (SFR) in 8051 microcontroller and 21 unique locations are for these 21 SFR. Each of these register is of 1 byte size. The “Serial Control” (SCON) is the SFR which is used to configure serial port.
SCON SFR:
SM0:               Serial port mode
Bit 0 of serial port mode.
SM1:               Serial port mode
Bit 1 of serial port mode.
SM2:               Enable multiprocessor
Enable multiprocessor communication in modes 2 and 3 (for 9 bit UART).
REN:              Receiver Enable
Set/clear by software to enable/disable receive operation
TB8:               Transmit bit 8
Set or clear by software. The 9 bits will be transmitted in mode 2 and 3.
TB8 = 1, a value is written to the serial port, 9th bit of data = 1.
TB8 = 0, 9th bit of data = 0, RI will not set.
RB8:               Receive bit 8
Set or clear by software. The 9 bits will be received in mode 2 and 3. First eight bits are the data received and 9th bit received will be placed in RB8.
TI:                   Transmit Interrupt flag
Set by hardware when a byte is transmitted completely. Now the port is free and ready to send the next byte. This bit must be cleared by software.
RI:                  Receive Interrupt flag
Set by hardware when a byte has been completely received. This lets the program to know that it needs to read the value quickly before another byte is read. This bit must be cleared by software.


CONFIGURATION SETTINGS

§  Setting Operation Mode of Serial Port:
The Upper four bits are configuration bits. SM0 and SM1 set the serial mode between 0 and 3. The four modes along with the baud rates are in the table given below. In modes 0 and 2 the baud rate is fixed which is based on the oscillator frequency. In modes 1 and 3 the baud rate is variable which depends on how often Timer 1 overflows.
SM0
SM1
MODE
Description
Baud rate
0
0
0
shift register
(Fosc./12)
0
1
1
8 bit UART
Variable (set by Timer 1)
1
0
2
9 bit UART
(Fosc./64)
1
1
3
9 bit UART
Variable (set by Timer 1)

SM2 is a flag bit for Multiprocessor communication. When SM2 is set, the 8051 microcontroller will set the RI (Receive Interrupt) flag whenever a byte is received (if the 9th bit received is “1”).  By this way, program knows that a byte has been received and it needs to be processed. If 9th bit is clear, the RI flag will never be set. We will clear this RI bit so that the flag is set upon reception of any character.

If SM2=1, RI=1 (only if 9th bit of received byte is 1)

REN is Receiver Enable bit. Set this bit if we want to receive data through serial port.
REN=1 (for serial communication)
§  Setting the Baud Rate of Serial Port:
Baud Rate:
It is defined as number of bits transmitted or received per second and is usually expressed in Bits per second bps. After setting the operation mode of serial port, the program must configure the serial ports baud rate which is only applicable to Serial Port modes 1 and 3. For mode 0 and 2 oscillator frequency determines the Baud Rate.
For mode 0:
Baud rate is always the oscillator frequency divided by 12. For crystal of frequency 11.059MHz, Baud rate will be 921,583 baud.
Baud rate = (11.0592MHz/12) = 921,583 baud
For mode 2:
Baud rate is always the oscillator frequency divided by 64. For crystal of frequency 11.059MHz, Baud rate will be 172,797 baud.
Baud rate ==  (11.0592MHz/64)  = 172,797 baud
For mode 1 and 3:
For them, the baud rate is determined by how frequently timer 1 overflows. The more frequent timer 1 overflows, the higher the baud rate. There are many ways due to which timer 1 overflows at a rate that determines a baud rate. The most common method is:
§  We put timer 1 in 8-bit auto-reload mode (timer mode 2).
§  This 8 bit timer that allows only values of 00 to FFH loaded in timer register TH1.
§  Set a reload value in TH1 that causes Timer 1 to overflow at a frequency appropriate to generate a baud rate.
§  If PCON.7 is clear (SMOD=0), then to generate a given baud rate, the value to be put in TH1 can be determined from an equation:
TH1 = 256 – ((Crystal / 384) / Baud)
§  If the value to be load in TH1 by above equation is not in whole number then we can’t get accurate baud rate. For that case, set PCON.7 (SMOD=1). The baud rate gets double and the equation becomes:
TH1 = 256 – ((Crystal / 192) / Baud)

How to calculate baud rate for serial communication in 8051 microcontroller

Let us take an example. If we have crystal of frequency 11.059MHz and we want to configure the serial port to 19,200 baud rate, firstly we try equation 1. By using equation 1:
TH1 = 256 – ((Crystal / 384) / Baud)
TH1 = 256 – ((11.059MHz/ 384) / 19200 )
TH1 = 256 – 1.5 = 254.5
By setting 254 and 255, we don’t achieve accurate baud rate so we need to set PCON.7 (SMOD=1). This doubles the baud rate and we will use equation 2 for determining TH1 value. By using equation 2:
TH1 = 256 – ((Crystal / 192) / Baud)
TH1 = 256 – ((11.059MHz/ 192) / 19200)
TH1 = 256 – 3 = 253
Thus by setting TH1 to 253 we get correct frequency for 19,200 baud rate.

serial communication 8051 microcontroller

8051 microcontroller is used in the schematic. Crystal frequency is set to 11.059MHz. Baud rate used is 9600. A virtual terminal is used. The data coming from transmitter pin of controller will be displayed on virtual terminal. The send to the microcontroller is also received on receiver pin of controller which is sent through virtual terminal by pressing specific key. The program is such that the baud rate is set to 9600.
For 9600 baud rate:
TH1 = 256 – ((Crystal / 384) / Baud)
TH1 = 256 – ((11.59MHz/ 384) / 9600 )
TH1 = 256 – 3 = 253
The Hex value of 253 is FD which should be loaded to TH1
§  Port 3 pin 0 receiver pin is connected to TX of virtual terminal.
§  Port 3 pin 1 transmitter pin is connected to RX of virtual terminal.
§  Port 1 lower four pins are connected with 4 LEDs.

PROTEUS SCHEMATIC:



Working of serial communication 8051 microcontroller
By pressing key 1, 1st LED will glow and when key “a” is pressed, it goes off.
By pressing key 2, 2nd LED will glow and when key “b” is pressed, it goes off.
By pressing key 3, 3rd LED will glow and when key “c” is pressed, it goes off.
By pressing key 4, 4th LED will glow and when key “d” is pressed, it goes off.
The virtual terminal will also show the ON and OFF of LEDs.
CODE of serial communication 8051 microcontroller
#include <REGX51.H>               
void cct_init(void);
void SerialInitialize(void);
void uart_msg(unsigned char *c);
void uart_tx(unsigned char);   
sbit led1 = P1^0;
sbit led2 = P1^1;
sbit led3 = P1^2;
sbit led4 = P1^3;
void main()
{
    cct_init();
    SerialInitialize();   
    EA = 1;
    ES = 1;
    uart_msg("Initializing Serial Communication");
                uart_tx(0x0d);
                uart_msg("1,2,3,4 key can on leds and a,b,c,d can off them respectively.");
                uart_tx(0x0d);                                                   //next line
                uart_msg("Press the key for particular LED");
                uart_tx(0x0d);
    while(1);
}
void cct_init(void)            //initialize cct
{
    P0 = 0x00;                                        //not used
    P1 = 0x00;                                        //output port used for leds
    P2 = 0x00;                                        //not used
    P3 = 0x03;                                        //used for serial communication
}
void SerialInitialize(void)       //Initialize Serial Port
{
    TMOD = 0x20;                   //Timer 1 In Mode 2 -Auto Reload to Generate Baud Rate
    SCON = 0x50;                    //Serial Mode 1, 8-Data Bit, REN Enabled
    TH1 = 0xFD;                       //Load Baud Rate 9600 To Timer Register
    TR1 = 1;                              //Start Timer
}
void uart_msg(unsigned char *c)
{
                while(*c != 0)
                {
                                uart_tx(*c++);
                }
}
void uart_tx(unsigned char serialdata)
{
    SBUF = serialdata;                        //Load Data to Serial Buffer Register
    while(TI == 0);                               //Wait Until Transmission To Complete
    TI = 0;                                                //Clear Transmission Interrupt Flag
}
void serial_ISR (void) interrupt 4
{
    char chr;                                           //receive character
    if(RI==1)
    {
        chr = SBUF;
        RI = 0;
    }
    P0 = ~P0;                                         //Show the data has been updated
    switch(chr)
    {
     case '1':  led1 = 1; uart_msg("1st on"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     case '2':  led2 = 1; uart_msg("2nd on"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     case '3':  led3 = 1; uart_msg("3rd on"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     case '4':  led4 = 1; uart_msg("4th on"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     case 'a':  led1 = 0; uart_msg("1st off"); uart_tx(0x0d);  break;
     case 'b':  led2 = 0; uart_msg("2nd off"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     case 'c':  led3 = 0; uart_msg("3rd off"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     case 'd':  led4 = 0; uart_msg("4th off"); uart_tx(0x0d); break;
     default: ;    break;                        //do nothing
    }
    RI = 0;
}

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